Luther | Proslogion Scientific Journal

Prokopiev, A. Yu., Lurie, Z. A. Lyuter pyat’ vekov spustya. Razmyshleniya nad knigoy Khayko Obermana [Luther afterwards five centuries: Thoughts on Heiko Oberman’s book], in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, 2017. Vol. 3 (1). P. 235–257.

Andrey Yur’evich Prokopiev, doctor of History, professor, St. Petersburg State University (199034, Rossiya, Sankt-Petersburg, Universitetskaia nab., 7/9)
a.prokopiev@spbu.ru

Zinaida Andreevna Lurie, doctor of History, assistant lecturer, Saint-Petersburg State University (199034, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Мendeleevskaya liniya, 5)
z.lurie@spbu.ru

Language: Russian

The main attention is focused on the new and the old in formation of Luther as a theologian and interpretation of connection between Lutheran and medieval views by Oberman. Could the Reformation be interpreted as a «German event»? Was it the development of the medieval tradition? What was the role of the Luther’s family in development of his personality? In what way the young monk was affected by the late medieval spiritual practices? How Luther’s worldview changed and is it possible to date precisely the appearance of the Reformation doctrine? What is the role of the devil in his theology and what main discoveries during his biblical studies were made? At last, how the first Reformation events went and how did Luther split from the old Church, what are the external and internal circumstances of his apostasy. Reflections about his own past greatly influenced on Oberman’s interpretation of Luther. His book on the Reformer could be seen as his own confession. His thoughts are from positions of modern Luther studies. The wide scopus of academic works timed to the Reformation jubilee is made. The author marks out the most important idea of the book: Luther signifies the end of the Middle ages and beginning of the Modern era, but his personality was unchanged. He was the gifted man who managed to reopen Gospel for people and led them after him.

Key Words: Luther, Reformation, biography, late middle ages, piety, Wittenberg

URL: http://proslogion.ru/31-prokopiev-luriet/

Late medieval German prayer books: religious consciousness of the turn of the 15–16th centuries

04/02/2020

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Logutova, M. G.
Pozdnesrednevekovye nemetskoyazychnye molitvenniki, religioznoe soznanie rubezha XIV–XV vv. [Late Medieval German Prayer Books: Religious Consciousness of the Turn of the 14–15th Centuries], in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture. 2017. Vol. 3 (2). P. 51–74.

Margarita Georgievna Logutova, PhD in History, senior scientific researcher, Manuscript Department of the National Library of Russia (191023, Rossiya, Sankt-Petersburg, ploshad’ Ostrovskogo, 1/3)
m.logutova@mail.ru

Language: Russian

In the late Middle Ages, the most accessible way of communicating with God was prayer. The texts of prayers fixed in handwritten prayer books, these most personal and most read books, reveal the spiritual world of the Middle Ages in the closest approximation to reality. 1470–1525 years became the peak of prayer-making, the time when a huge number of new prayers were created. The religious processes taking place at that time in Germany were adequately reflected in handwritten prayer books. The texts of prayers clearly followed the basic tendencies of the religious consciousness of society and equally clearly indicated the changes that had taken place in them. This thesis finds confirmation in the three German-language prayer books stored in the Russian National Library, created in the second half of the 15th – first quarter of the 16th century. The texts contained in them show that in studying the reasons for the rapid spread of 95 Luther theses in Germany, along with social, political and technological (book printing) factors, it is also necessary to take into account the religious consciousness of literate Germans, raised by late medieval German-speaking prayer books.

Key Words: devotio moderna, handwritten book, Luther, St. Anna, the Virgin Mary, Christ

URL: http://proslogion.ru/32-logutova/

The beginning of Reformation after the «History of Italy» of Francesco Guicciardini

04/02/2020

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Youssim, M. A.
Nachalo Reformatsii po «Istorii Italii» F. Gvichchardini [The beginning of Reformation after the «History of Italy» of Francesco Guicciardini], in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture. 2017. Vol. 3 (2). P. 109–124.

Mark Arkav’evich Youssim, doctor of History, scientific researcher, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of the Western European Middle Ages and Early New Age (119334, Moskva, Rossiya, Leninsky Prospekt, 32a)
youssimm@mtu-net.ru

Language: Russian

In this article the chapters from the «History of Italy» of Francesco Guicciardini dealing with the initial stage of Reformation are considered. The attitude of the Florentine historian and politician toward the appearance of Luther and toward his followers was ambivalent. Just as N. Machiavelli, Guicciardini regarded the observance of religious cult as one of pillars of society and a condition for maintaining moral health in it, but in the matter of faith revealed skepticism. Notwithstanding to his years-long service for the pope Guicciardini is extremely critical in his judgements on the Roman Curia. The propagation of Lutheran doctrine he explains in purely political reasons: weakening of supreme power and a pause in Italian Wars which distracted peoples from corresponding cares. The author of «History of Italy» blames the Pope’s shortsightedness and awkward policy which did not permit to suppress the distress in the bud. The main fault for the diffusion of the heresy he puts on German princes who took advantage of it. Guicciardini, like other figures of the late Renaissance, for example, cardinal G. Contarini, sympathizes with the ideas of renovation expressed by Luther. However, for Italians the universal Catholic Church was at the same time national, that’s why they refused every reform implying rejecting and diminishing the power of Rome.

Key Words: Guicciardini, «History of Italy», Luther, Reformation, Renaissance, papacy, Savonarola, G. Contarini

URL: http://proslogion.ru/32-youssim/

John Bugenhagen’s Braunshweig Church order on the reform of educatio

02/02/2020

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Lurie, Z. A., Polyakova, M. A. John Bugenhagen’s Braunshweig Church order on the reform of education, in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, 2018. Vol. 4 (1). P. 189–216.

Zinaida Andreevna Lurie, doctor of History, assistant lecturer, Faculty of Foreign Languages, St. Petersburg State University (199034, Rossiya, Sankt-Petersburg, Universitetskaia nab., 7/9)
z.lurie@spbu.ru

Mariya Aleksandrovna Polyakova, doctor of Pedagogy, assistant professor, New Russian University (142181, Rossiya, Moskva, Zapadnaya ul., 9, str. 1)
marussia71@yandex.ru

Language: Russian

This publication is the first translation into Russian of an excerpt from the Braunschweig school order by Johann Bugenhagen and introduces the reader to the education reform as part of confessional reforms. School education, continuing the ideas of Melanchthon, is strictly hierarchical and prepares citizens for various ministries. The order also pays great attention to music education, which is directly related to the liturgical reform. In addition, Bugenhagen makes recommendations regarding the provision of schools, the size of the teacher’s salary and student fees, constantly recalling the need for “government” maintenance of schools.

Key Words: Melanchthon, trivium schools, gymnasiums, cantorias, Luther, Reformation

URL: http://proslogion.ru/42-lure/

Reformation and the political interests of the Hungarian nobility in the first part of the 1520s

02/02/2020

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Gusarova, T. P. Reformatciya i politicheskie zaprosy vengerskogo dvoryanstva v pervoy polovine 1520-kh gg. [Reformation and the political interests of the Hungarian nobility in the first part of the 1520s], in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, 2018. Vol. 4 (2). P. 123–141.

Tatiana Pavlovna Gusarova, doctor of History, assistant professor, Medieval History Department, Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov (119234, Rossiya, Moskva, Lomonosovskiy prospekt, 27/4)
gusarova174@yandex.ru

Language: Russian

The article studies the initial period of the Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary (before the Battle of Mohács, 1526). Proceeding from the confessionalization paradigm, the author examines the correlation of the religious, political and social components in it. The research is based on the legislative material, i. e. the decisions of the Hungarian State assemblies of the first half of the 1520s, against the background of the most important events of the period. The author argues that, despite the penetration Lutheran ideas into the Kingdom, society didn’t yet have a clear understanding of their essence. In those years the persecutors of the heretics called all opponents of the Catholic Church «Lutherans», even if the persecuted were not familiar with the teaching of Luther. The quick reaction of the official authorities to the new doctrine, reflected in the decisions of the State Assemblies of 1523 and 1525, was caused rather by struggle within the political elite of the Kingdom, the confrontation between the so-called «Court» (pro-German) and «noble» («national») «parties», to be more exact. A part of the Hungarian magnates and noblemen behind them were concerned about the claims of the Austrian Habsburgs to the Hungarian throne and the growing influence of the Germans at the royal court, who not only supported the Austrian Habsburgs, but also openly sympathized with the ideas of Luther. They were afraid that they would lose their privileges, the participation in government, the influence on the monarch and the right to choose him. The opposition blamed of the «court» party led by the king and the highest dignitaries of the failure to defend the southern borders of the Kingdom against the Turks, who in 1521 captured Belgrade. Therefore, the National Assembly in 1523 and 1525 adopted strict laws against the Lutherans, by which they meant foreigners, and first of all, the Germans who took over the royal court, and demanded the expulsion of the latter and their place be taken by the Hungarians. Opposition threats were effective, and many foreigners (Germans) left the court and Hungary. However, this could neither prevent further distribution of the Hungarian political elite in different groups, which brought Mohács catastrophe closer, nor the eradication of Lutheranism, which, after 1526, overcame all the obstacles to its development.

Key Words: Reformation, State Assembly, Kingdom of Hungary in the 16–17th centuries, royal court, political elite, Luther, Jagiello dynasty, Werbőczy

URL: http://proslogion.ru/42-gusarova/